Medical Research References

Medical Research References

New Additions

RITTES P., The Use of Phosphatidylcholine for Correction of Lower Lid Bulging Due to Prominent Fat Pads. Am Society Dermatol Surg 2001;27:391-392

Jun-Jie Yin, Mitchell J. Smith, Robert M. Eppley, Samuel W. Page and James A. Sphon. EFFECTS OF FUMONISIN B1 ON LIPID PEROXIDATION IN MEMBRANES. CFSAN, FDA, Washington, DC.

J.J.Yin1, M.M.Mossoba1, M.P.Yurawecz1, Y.Ku1, J.K.Kramer2, 1FDA, College Park, MD., 2 Southern Crop Protecti Food Research Center, Ontario, Canada. The Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Oxidative Damage In Membranes. 2003 FDA Science forum. Board E-04.

Phosphatidylcholine and the Brain

CHUNG SY, MORIYAMA T, UEZU And, UEZU K, HIRATA R, YOHENA N, MASUDA Y, KOKUBU T, YAMAMOTO S Administration of phosphatidylcholine increases brain acetylcholine concentration and improves memory in dementia mice. J Nutr 1995 Jun;125(6):1484-9

FURUSHIRO M., et al., Effects of administration of soybean lecithin transphosphatidylated phosphatidylserine on impaired learning of passive avoidance in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol, 1997 Dec; 75(4): 447-50

Phosphatidylcholine and the Heart, Cholesterol, Metabolism

BEYNEN AC, KATAN MB Lecithin intake and serum cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 1989 Feb;49(2):266-8 TAKAHASHI et al. Effects of choline deficiency and phosphatidylcholine on fat absorption in rats. (1982) J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 1982 Apr; 28(2): 139-47

SIMONSSON P, NILSSON, AKESSON B Postprandial effects of dietary phosphatidylcholine on plasma lipoproteins in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1982 Jan;35(1):36-41

BIALECKA M. Experimental: The effect of bioflavonoids and lecithin on the course of atherosclerosis in rabbits. Ann Acad Med Stetin, 1997; 43: 41-56

KNUIMAN JT, BEYNEN AC, KATAN MB Lecithin intake and serum cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 1989 Feb;49(2):266-8

N AVDER KP, BARAONA E, LIEBER C. Polyenyphosphatidylcholine decreases alcoholic hyperlipemia without affecting the alcoholinduced rise of HDL cholesterol. Life Sei 1997;61:1907.

Phosphatidylcholine and Collagen

BROOK J, et al. Dietary soya lecithin decreases plasma triglyceride levels and inhibits collagen- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Biochem Med Metab Biol, 1986 Feb; 35(1): 31-9

Phosphatidylcholine and Toxins

ESSLINGER F. Death CAP mushroom poisoning: report of clinical experience. Med Welt 1966;19:1057-1063.

KUNTZ and, Neumann-mangold P. peroral Acute trichloroethylene poisoning. Med Welt 1965;16:2872-2874.

Phosphatidylcholine and the Liver

BUCHMAN AL, DUBIN M, JENDEN D, ET AL. Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1363-1370.

KOSINA F, BUDKA K, KOLOUCH Z, et al. Viral Essential cholinephospholipids in the treatment of hepatitis. Cas Lek Ces 1981;120:957-960.

MUETING D, DOHN P, REIKOWSKI J. essential Effect of high doses of phospholipids administered intravenously and perorally on metabolism of albumin and fats and on enzymatic activity of chronically ill to liver patients. Verhandlungen der Deutsche Gesselchaft fur Innere Medizin 1972;17:1389-1392.

FRIEDMAN LS, MARTIN P, MUNOZ SJ. Liver function tests and the objective evaluation of the patient with to liver disease. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD, eds.

Hepatology: The Textbook of Liver Disease. Philadelphia:WB Saunders;1996:791-833.

FRIEDMAN LS, MARTIN P, MUNOZ SJ. Liver function tests and the objective evaluation of the patient with to liver disease. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD, eds.

Hepatology: The Textbook of Liver Disease. Philadelphia:WB Saunders;1996:791-833.

HANTAK I, MOUTH M, MICULECKY M, et al. Essential phospholipids in the treatment of chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus. Vnitrni Lekarstvi 1990;36:1164-1171.

HIRAYAMA C, OKAMURA M, TANIKAWA K, et al. Clinical The effect of polyene phosphatidylcholine in chronic hepatitis in double-blind test. Rinsho you kenkyu 1978;55:194-198.

HISANAGA M, UTSUMI S, MIYAMOTO S, et al. Abnormality of to liver function in patients treated with antiepileptic drug and the trial of polyene phosphatidylcholine treatment will be these patients. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Japonica 1980;34:318-319.

JENKINS PJ, PORTMANN BP, EDDLESTON ALWF, et al. Polyunsaturated uses of phosphatidylcholine in HBsAg negative chronic activates hepatitis: results of prospective double-blind controlled trial. Liver 1982;2:77-81.

KLEMM J, PABST HW. Untersuchungen to uber den Einfluss to therapeutischer Teilkoerper-bestrahlungen auf die Leberfunktion und die Schutzwirkung to essentieller Phospholipide. Strahlentherapie 1964;123:438-450. [In German, summary in English]

KNUECHEL F. Double blind study in patients with alcohol-toxic fatty to liver. Med Welt 1979;30:411-416.

KOSINA F, BUDKA K, KOLOUCH Z, et al. Viral Essential cholinephospholipids in the treatment of hepatitis. Cas Lek Ces 1981;120:957-960.

KUNTZ HD, RAUSCH V, BAMMER And "essential" Hepatotoxicity of rifampicin and the effect thereon of choline phospholipids. Med Welt 1978;29:452-454.

LIEBER CS. alcohol and the liver:1994 update. Gastroenterology 1994;106:1085-1105.

LIEBER CS. Alcohol-induced to liver disease. In: Maddrey WC, ed. Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Visual Comprehensive Reference.

Philadelphia: Current Medicine; 1996:9.1-9.21.

LIEBER CS. alcohol and the liver:1994 update. Gastroenterology 1994;106:1085-1105.

PANOZ MZ, POLSON R, JOHNSON R, ET AL. Activity of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine in HBsAg negative (autoimmune) chronic activates hepatitis hepatitis and in acute alcoholic. In: Gundermann K, Schumacher R, eds. 50th Anniversary of Phospholipid Research (EPL) International Symposium. Bingen/Rhein: wbn-Verlag;1990.

SCHULLER PEREZ, SAN MARTIN F.G. Controlled study using multiply-unsaturated phosphatidylcholine in comparison with placebo in the marries of alcoholic to liver steatosis. Med Welt 1985;72:517-521.

SIMONSSON P, NILSSON, AKESSON B Postprandial effects of dietary phosphatidylcholine on plasma lipoproteins in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1982 Jan;35(1):36-41

SORRENTINO F, DIENE G, CORVAJA and, et al. Polyunsaturated uses of phosphatidylcholine (EPL) in association with vitamin B complex in to liver therapy. La Clinica Terapeutica 1982;102:163-183.

VISCO G. Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine associated with vitamin B complex in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis B. La Clinica Terapeutica 1985;114:183-188.

WALLNOEFER H, HANUSCH M. "Essential" phospholipids in the treatment of hepatic disease. Med Monatsschrift 1973;27:131-136.

YANO M, KOGA M, SHIRAHAMA S, et al. Blind assessment of liver biopsy findings in chronic hepatitis: drug efficacy trial of polyene phosphatidylcholine. Shindan to chiryo 1978;9:1783-1789.

Phosphatidylcholine and Tubercolosis

MARPAUNG B, TARIGAN P, ZEIN LH, ET AL. Tuberkulostatische KombinationsÑtherapie aus INH, RMP und EMB. Therapiewoche 1988;38:734-740.

Phosphatidylcholine and Diabetes

ZEMAN M, ZAK A, STOLBA P [The effect of polyene phosphatidylcholine administration on lipid metabolism and glucose tolerance in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia IIB]. Sb Lek 1995;96(1):43-8. Phosphatidylcholine in EPL Clinical studies

By: Div. of International Research & Development

The relative absorption rates of radioactive phospholipids in man were higher than 90%. The authors were able to show that approx. 40% - 80% of EPL absorbed were incorporated into the vasoprotective HDL (so called "good cholesterol"). The authors further concluded that part of the EPL were absorbed un-metabolized. This explains the relative long lifetime (48 hours) of liposomes in the human system.

Zierenberg, O., S.M. Grundy, J. Lipid Research 23 (1982) 1136-1142

In a documentation of 15 clinical trials with a duration of EPL treatment ranging between 1 and 12 months, total serum cholesterol was lowered by 8.8 to 28.2 %.

Fasoli, A., Therap. Select. Risk/Benefit Assess. Hypolipid. Drugs; G. Ricci et al. (Eds) Raven Press: New York 1982, 257-262

In a double blind trial by the authors using 1.8 g oral EPL per day led to mean reductions of total cholesterol by 12.7 % already within 14 days of treatment. After another 4 weeks reduction of initial values totaled 18.9 %.

Horsch A.K. et al., VASA 15 (1986) 275 - 279

After oral EPL treatment up to 16 weeks, mean rates of cholesterol reduction in these studies that were either controlled against diet, double blind, controlled against placebo or were open, ranged from 12 to 25 % as compared with initial values.

Casellas Bernat, G. et al., Clin. Med. 15 (1975) 90 - 95

Skorepa, J. et al., Casopis Lekaru Cekych 113 (1974) 784 - 786

Yasugi, T., Jap. J. New Rem. Clin 22 (1973) 691 - 693

While diet alone did not produce satisfactory reductions in most cases, it clearly enhanced the effect of diets on serum lipids when applied together with EPL

Knuechel, F. Die Medizinische 36 (1959) 1652 - 1653

Varkonyi, G. Zschr. Ges. Med. Grenzgeb. 18 (1962) 830 - 835

The author conducted a controlled study (n=32) and reported mean elevation in HDL cholesterol (so called "good cholesterol?) of 25 %.

Maeda, A. et al. Gendai no Shinryo 22 (1980) 189 - 192 and 1461 - 1465

The following authors give a wide range of reduction rates of triglycerides with values 25% being the most common.

Dewailli, P. et al., Med. Welt 36 (1985) 367 - 369

Yasugi, T., Jap. J. New Rem. Clin. (1973) 691 - 693

Yoritsune, M. et al., Gendai no Shinryo 22 (1980) 836 - 842

This author describes a significant inhibition of platelet adhesion as well inhibition of platelet aggregation in blood after administration of oral EPL.

Coccheri, S. et al., Acta. Med. Scan. 190 Suppl. 525 (1971) 253 - 256

This author confirmed an improved passage of red blood cells through microfilters due to increased fluidity of the blood after injecting EPL.

Blagosklonov, S.S. et al., Kardiologyia 26 (1986) 35 - 38

Significant decreases in anginal attacks (chest pain stage III ans IV) or in some patients total elimination of anginal attacks as well as increased exercise tolerance of as much as 900% are reported by the following authors:

Almazov, V.A. et al. Kardiologyia 26 (1986) 39 - 42

Hevelke G. et al. Med. Welt 30 (1980) 593 - 602

Seki, H. et al. Gendai Iryo 6 (1974) 599 - 618

Administration of EPL to patients with stages I through IV of heart disease in a controlled study demonstrated an improved blood flow in the muscles of the lower extremities after 30-days of treatment. The author attributes this improvement to reduced blood viscosity resulting in improved peripheral circulation.

Klemm, J. in Phosphatidylcholine. H. Peeters (ed.) Springer: Berlin 1976, 237 - 243

More Benficient Medical studies on Phosphatidylcholine

Kidd PM. Dietary phospholipids as anti-aging nutraceuticals. In: Klatz RA, Goldman R, eds. Anti-Aging Medical Therapeutics. Chicago, IL: Health Quest Publications; 2000:283-301.

Zeisel SH, Blusztajn JK. Choline and human nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr 1994;14:269-296.

Schneider M. Phospholipids. In: Gunstone FD, Padley FB, eds. Lipid Technologies and Applications. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1997:15-30.

Kent C. Eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis. Annu Rev Biochem 1995;64:315-343.

Zierenberg 0, Grundy SM. Intestinal absorption of polyenephosphatidylcholine in man. J Lipid Res 1982;23:1136-1142.

Kidd PM. Cell membranes, endothelia, and atherosclerosis -the importance of dietary fatty acid balance. Altern Med Rev 1996;1:148-167.

Kidd PM. Phosphatidylcholine, a superior protectant against liver damage. Altern Med Rev 1996;1:258-274.

Zeisel SH, Da Costa K, Franklin PD, et al. Choline, an essential nutrient for humans. FASEB 1991;5:2093-2098.

Wurtman RJ , Hirsch MI, Growdon JH. Lecithin consumption raises serum free choline levels. Lancet 1977;ii: 68-69.

Buchman AL, Dubin MD, Moukarzel AA, et al. Choline deficiency: a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline supplementation. Hepatology 1995;22:1399-1403.

Ghyczy M, Boros M. Electrophilic methyl groups present in the diet ameliorate pathological states induced by reductive and oxidative stress: a hypothesis. Brit J Nutr 2001;85:409-414.

Thistle JL, Schoenfield LJ. Bile acid, lecithin, and cholesterol in repeated human duodenal biliary drainage: effect of lecithin feeding. Clin Res 1968;16:450.

Toouli J, Jablonski P, Watts JM. Gallstone dissolution in man using cholic acid and lecithin. Lancet 1975;ii: 1124-1126.

Lloyd J, Todd DA, John E. Serial phospholipid analysis in pre term infants: comparison of Exosurf and Survanta. Early Human Dev 1999;54:157-168.

Dunjic BS, Axelson J. Gastroprotective capability of exogenous phosphatidylcholine in experimentally induced chronic gastric ulcers in rats. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993;28:89-94.

Lieber CS, Leo MA. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine decreases alcohol-induced oxidative stress in the baboon. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 1997;21:375-379.

Knuchel F. Double blind study in patients with alcohol-toxic fatty liver. Med Welt 1979;30:411-416.

Schuller-Perez A, San Martin FG. Controlled study using multiply-unsaturated phosphatidylcholine in comparison with placebo in the case of alcoholic liver steatosis. Med Welt 1985;72:517~521.

Buchman AL, Dubin M, Jenden D, et al. Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1363-1370.

Panos MZ, PoIson R, Johnson R, et al. Activity of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine in HBsAg negative (autoimmune) chronic active hepatitis and in acute alcoholic hepatitis. In: Gundermann KJ, SchQmacher R, eds. 50th Anniversary of Phosp*lipid Research (EPL). Bingin-Rhein, Germany: wbn- Verlag; 1990: 103-110.

Lieber CS, Robins SJ, Li J, et al. Phosphatidylcholine protects against fibrosis and cirrhosis in the baboon. Gastroenterology 1994;106:152-159.

Marpaung H, Tarigan P, Zein LH, et al. Tuberkulostatische kombinations therapie aus INH, RMP und EMH. Therapiewoche 1988;38:734- 740.

Jenkins PJ, Portmann HP. Use of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine in HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis: results of prospective double-blind controlled trial. Liver 1982;2:77- 81.

Visco G. Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine (EPL) associated with vitamin H-complex in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis-H. La Clinica Terapeutica 1985;114:183-188.

Ilic V, Hegic-Janev A. Therapy for HHsAg-positive chronically active hepatitis. MedWelt 1991;42:523-525.

Niederau C, Strohmeyer G, Heintges T, et al. Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine and interferon alpha for treatment of chronic hepatitis H and C: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatogastroenterol 1998;45:797-804.

Schenker S. Polyunsaturated lecithin and alcoholic liver disease: a magic bullet? Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 1994;18:1286-1288.

Halliday HL. Natural vs synthetic surfactants in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Drugs 1996;51 :226-;237.

Leyck S, Dereu N, Etschenberg E, et al. Improvement of the gastric tolerance of non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by polyene phosphatidylcholine (Phospholipon 100). Eur J PharmacoI1985;117:35-42.

Swarm RA, Ashley SW, Soybel Dl, et al. Protective effect of exogenous phospholipid on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury. Am J Surg 1987;153:48-53.

Carlson SE. Lower incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants fed a preterm formula with egg phospholipids. Pediatr Res 1998;44:491-495.

Kidd PM. Unpublished analysis. 1998; El Cerrito, California, USA: drkidd@aol.com.

Little A, Levy R, Chuaqui-Kidd P, et al. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial of high- dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1985;48:736-742.

Esslinger F. Death cap mushroom poisoning: report of clinical experience. Med Welt 1966;19:1057-1063.

Alphabetical List

ALBERTS B, BRAY D, LEWIS L, et al. Molecular Biology of The Cell. New York:Garland Publishing;1989.

BIALECKA M, "Experimental: The effect of bioflavonoids and lecithin on the course of atherosclerosis in rabbits" Ann Acad Med Stetin, 1997; 43: 41-56

BROOK J, et al., "Dietary soya lecithin decreases plasma triglyceride levels and inhibits collagen- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation" Biochem Med Metab Biol, 1986 Feb; 35(1): 31-9

BOBKOVA VI, LOKACHINA LI, KORSUNSK BH, TAMAMOVA GV. Metabolic effect of lipostabiforte. Kardiologia 1989;29:57.

BUCHMAN AL, DUBIN M, JENDEN D, ET AL. Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1363-1370.

CHUNG SY, MORIYAMA T, UEZU And, UEZU K, HIRATA R, YOHENA N, MASUDA Y, KOKUBU T, YAMAMOTO S "Administration of phosphatidylcholine increases brain acetylcholine concentration and improves memory in dementia mice with." J Nutr 1995 Jun;125(6):1484-9

CLARK MR, SHOHET SB, GOTTFRIED EL "Hereditary hemolytic disease with increased red blood cell phosphatidylcholine and dehydration: one, two, or many disorders?" Am J Hematol 1993 Jan;42(1):25-30

ESSLINGER F. Death CAP mushroom poisoning: report of clinical experience. Med Welt 1966;19:1057-1063.

FRIEDMAN LS, MARTIN P, MUNOZ SJ. Liver function tests and the objective evaluation of the patient with to liver disease. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD, eds.

Hepatology: The Textbook of Liver Disease. Philadelphia:WB Saunders;1996:791-833.

FURUSHIRO M., et al., "Effects of administration of soybean lecithin transphosphatidylated phosphatidylserine on impaired learning of passive avoidance in mice" Jpn J Pharmacol, 1997 Dec; 75(4): 447-50